Montana Standards of Review
CRIMINAL

1. Introduction
1. Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law
2. Harmless Error
3. Plain Error
4. Structural Error
2. Pretrial Decisions in Criminal Cases
1. Bail
2. Brady Violations
3. Competency to Stand Trial
4. Confessions
5. Confidential Informants
6. Consolidation of Counts
7. Continuances
8. Defenses
9. Discovery
1. Depositions
2. Sanctions
10. Discriminatory (Selective) Prosecution
11. Dismissals
12. Evidentiary Rulings
13. ExParte Hearings
14. ExPost Facto
15. Extradition
16. Franks Hearings
17. Fugitive Status
18. Grand Juries
19. Guilty Pleas
1. Voluntariness
2. Withdrawal
20. Immunity Agreements
21. In Camera Proceedings
22. Indictments and Informations
1. Amendments
2. Dismissals
3. Duplicitous/Multiplicitous
4. Misjoinder
5. Prosecutorial Misconduct
6. Sufficiency
7. Validity
23. In Limine Orders
24. Interpreters
25. Investigators
26. Judicial Estoppel
27. Judicial Notices
28. Jurisdiction
29. Jury Demand
30. Jury Waiver
31. Juveniles
32. Lack of Prosecution
33. Law of the Case
34. Lineups
35. Miranda Rights
36. Motionto Quash
37. Out-of-Court Identification
38. Plea Agreements
1. Breaches/Enforcement
2. Interpretation
3. Negotiations
4. Waiver
39. Preclusion of Proffered Defense
40. Pre-Indictment Delay
41. Pretrial Detention and Release
42. Pretrial Hearings
43. Pretrial Identifications
44. Probable Cause
45. Recusal
46. Regulations
47. Representation
1. Conflict-Free Representation
2. Disqualification of Counsel
3. Hybrid Representation
4. Ineffective Representation
5. ProSe Representation
6. Right to Counsel
7. Substitution of Counsel
8. Waiver of Representation
9. Withdrawal of Counsel
48. Sealed Materials
49. Searchand Seizure
1. Abandonment
2. Consent to Search
3. Exclusionary Rule
4. Exigent Circumstances
5. Expectation of Privacy
6. Governmental Conduct
7. Inevitable Discovery
8. Investigatory Stops
9. Issuance of a Search Warrant
10. Knock and Announce
11. Private Searches
12. Probable Cause
13. Probation/Parole Searches
14. Protective Sweeps
15. Reasonable Suspicion
16. Suppression Motions
17. Terry Stops
18. Warrantless Searches and Seizures
50. Selective Prosecution
51. Severance
52. Sixth Amendment Rights
53. Speedy Trial
54. Statutes
55. Statutes of Limitation
56. Suppression
57. Transfer of Trial
58. Venue
59. Vindictive Prosecution
60. Voluntariness of a Confession
61. Waiver of Rights
62. Warrants
63. Wiretaps
3. TrialDecisions in Criminal Cases
1. Acquittals
2. Admission of Evidence
3. Authenticity
4. Batson Claims
5. Best Evidence Rule
6. Bruton Violations
7. Burden of Proof
8. Chain of Custody
9. Character Evidence
10. Closing Arguments
11. Coconspirator Statements
12. Comments on the Evidence
13. ConfrontationClause
14. Constitutionality of Regulations
15. Constitutionality of Statutes
16. Contempt
17. Continuances
18. Credibility Determinations
19. Cross-Exanimation
20. Documentary Evidence
21. Double Jeopardy
22. Entrapment
23. Evidentiary Rulings
24. Expert Testimony
25. Extrinsic Evidence
26. Fifth Amendment Rights
27. Griffin Violations
28. Hearsay
29. Immunity from Prosecution
30. Impeachment Evidence
31. InAbsentia Proceedings
32. In-Court Identification
33. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
34. Jewell Instruction
35. Judge Conduct
36. Juror Misconduct
37. Jury Examination of Evidence
38. Jury Inquiries
1. District Court's Response
2. Supplemental Instructions
39. Jury Instructions
1. Formulation of Instructions
2. Adequacy of Instructions
3. Denial of Requested Instruction
4. Special Verdict Forums
5. Due Process Challenges
6. Procedure for Reviewing Instructions
7. Harmless Error and Plain Error
8. Invited Error
9. Allen Charges
10. Jewell Instructions
40. Jury Selection
1. Challenges for Cause
1. VoirDire/Peremptory Challenges
2. Jury Misconduct
2. Jury Composition
3. Anonymous Jury
41. Materiality of False Statement
42. Opening Statements
43. Opinion Evidence
1. Expert Opinion Evidence
1. Admission or Exclusion of Evidence
2. Reliability
3. Qualifications
2. Lay Opinion Testimony
44. Photographs
45. Presence of Defendant
46. Prior Crimes, Wrongs, or Acts
1. M.R. Evid. 404(b)
2. M.R. Evid. 608
3. M.R. Evid. 609
47. Privileges
1. Attorney-Client, Doctor-Patient, Marital
2. Fifth Amendment/Defendant's Silence
3. M.R. Evid. 403—Probative Value vs. Prejudicial Harm
48. Prosecutorial Misconduct
1. Generally
2. Bolstering/Vouching
3. Dismissal
4. Disqualification of Prosecutor
5. Suppression of Exculpatory Evidence
49. Rebuttal and Surrebuttal Evidence
50. Recess
51. Recusal and Disqualification of Judge
52. Relevancy of Evidence
53. Reopening
54. Rule of Completeness
55. Sanctions
56. Shackling
57. Side-Bar Conferences
58. Witnesses
1. District Court Decisions
2. Witness Immunity
3. Witness Sequestration
4. Post-Trial Decisions in Criminal Cases
1. Allocution
2. Appeals
3. Apprendi Violations
4. Arrest of Judgment
5. Attorney's Fees
6. Bail Pending Sentence and Appeal
7. Correcting/Amending/Reducing Sentences
8. Disciplinary Orders
9. Expungement
10. Fines
11. Forfeiture
12. Mistrial
13. New Trial
14. Parole
15. Probation
16. Resentencing
17. Sentencing
1. Constitutionality
2. Continuances
3. Death Penalty
4. Disproportionate Sentences
5. Factual Findings
6. Fines
7. Legality
8. Persistent Felony Offender
9. Restitution
10. Restrictions/Conditions on Sentence
11. Revocation of Suspended/Deferred Sentence
12. Sentence Review Division
18. Sufficiency of the Evidence
19. Supervised Release
20. Transcripts